Philological study of Sanskrit names of Medicinal plants

 

Vijay J Tiwari¹, Abhay Ittadwar²

¹Retired Associate Professor, PG Department of Botany, J. M. Patel College, Bhandara 441 904 MS, India

²Principal, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Kamgar Nagar, 440026 Nagpur, MS, India

 

ABSTRACT:

The present investigation is a kind of philological study which traces genesis and development of Sanskrit names of plants. Each name in Sanskrit referred to plant gives their true Indian appellation. The heritability of these names is amazing. The real meaning of the word is deciphered to find out rationale behind these names.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The critical examination of the derivation and origin of Sanskrit names of plants will found to be a most interesting and important study. Before thousands of years these appellations were remain understood to ancient seers, sages and ancient ayurveda practitioners. These names signifies pharmacological properties, morphological characters, habitat, similitudes with certain natural objects, color, habit, basic instinct etc. of plants. Sanskrit is closely related to Hindu religion and reflecting the culture of ancient time. Keeping these views in mind the author have critically tries to understand the meaning of Sanskrit names of plants and its significance. In western countries such names are considered as an indication to concept of Doctrine of Signatures.

 

Literature Survey:

The doctrine of signatures is also known as doctrine of similitudes. This doctrine said that plants displays some special characters or signatures such as color, shape, names, scent, location, taste-seeking clues, that are indicative of their medicinal uses.

 

The theory of doctrine of signature was first published in a book De rerum natura (Supreme Mysteries of Nature)¹. He believed that plants, animals and minerals were put on Earth by the Creator for human use. God provides signs within plants to indicate their uses. Later on in a book entitled Magica Naturalis and Phytognomonica views of Paracelus were followed².Later on several scientists followed Paracelus views^3,4,5,6. Recently work on DoS philosophy from all over the parts of world^7,8,9,10,11. In India recent work on DoS was reported on plants^12,13,14,15. In the present study the authors have tried to apply concept of DoS to assess significance of Sanskrit names of medicinal plants.

 

METHODOLOGY:

Sanskrit names have been selected from Dhanvantari Nighantu¹⁸. Their root word, its meaning as well as integrated concepts were studied critically. True meaning of words are derived from Sanskrit dictionaries^16,17. The serious attempt is made to find out scientific rationale behind sanskrit names of plants. Priority is given to such names which indicate diseases. Meaningful names and pharmacological activity associated with it is a part of the concept of DoS. The validity of medicinal property have been assessed through reports of phytochemical and pharmacological investigations on these species. The recent botanical nomenclature is adopted by referring efloraindia web site

 

OBSERVATIONS:

The observations are written below in table which includes species and family name, respective page numbers of dhanvantari nighantu¹⁸. The sanskrit names were sorted from nighantu and their meanings are witten. The recent pharmacological reports are supplemented as an evidence in the favor of uses.

 

Table:

Species and Family	Page Numbers18	Sanskrit Names and Meaning	Pharmacological Reports
Abrus precatorious L., Fabaceae	292	Vaktrasalya meaning saliva of the mouth	Seeds are potent toxic. If ingested then increases the secretion of salvia in the mouth19
Acorus calamus L., Acoraceae	125	Vacha meaning enhancing speaking words of wisdom and the power of intelligence or self-expression is stimulated by this herb	NR
Artemisia absinthium L., syn A.pallens Wall.ex.DC., Asteraceae	228	Pandurogah means whiteness and pallor skin.It is an indication of anemia	Hepatoprotective activity in rats20
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam., syn.A.agallocha Roxb. Thymelaeaceae	206	Loham meaning rich iron containing plant	NR
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae	116	Sahasravirya Sahasra meaning thousand times Virya meaning semen	Aphrodisiac activity21, 22
Cannabis sativa subsp. indica (Lam.)E.Small and Cronquist, Cannabaceae	46	Madini means intoxication	Psychoactive and intoxicating property reported by WHO23
Cassia sophera (L.)Roxb., Caesalpiniaceae	356	Kasarih meaning enemy of cough	In homeopathy it is used as expectrant and bronchodilator Active Principles –Emodin, Chrysophanic acid24
Cassia absus L., Caesalpiniaceae	264	Locanhita meaning useful to eyes Caksusya meaning a lotion for washing the eyes	Leaves and seeds used to treat eye diseases. It possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties 25
Commiphora myrrha (T.Nees.)Engl. Burseraceae	326	Vranarih meaning enemy of sores	Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity26 Antibacterial activity27
Crinum asiaticum L.,Amaryllidaceae	380	Nagdamini Nag meaning poisonous snake Cobra Damini meaning to bring under control Used as antidote to Sankebite	Bulbs are extremely poisonous. If ingested causes tremors, drooling, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea.28
Crocus sativus Iridaceae (Saffron)	197	Rudhiram meaning stomachic and Tasty Raktam meaning enhances blood flow and remove anemia	Cures digestive disorders29 However whether it is useful in anemia is not known?.
Cullen corylifolium (L.)Medik syn. Psoralea corylifola L.Fabaceae	61	Kusthanasini meaning cure of vitiligo	Anti-vitiligo ointment30
Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae	157	Rucyam meaning appetiser	Spice is used as appetizer in preparation of so many foods31
Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.)S.Watson., Poaceae	300	Bhutikah meaning camphor like smell	Leaves contain essential oil which gives fragrance. It contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, geraniol etc.32
Dillenia indica L. Dillenia ceae	401	Vaktrasodhanam meaning oral mouth hygiene	Antibacterial activity can be corroborated with its used for cleaning oral mouth caviety33
Embelia ribes Burm.Myrsinaceae	130	Krimighni, Jantuhantri meaning vermifuge, anthelmintic	Anthelmintic activity34
Ephedra gerardiana Wall.ex.Stapf. Ephedraceae	380	Somaksiri Soma meaning ancient soma plant Ksiri meaning milk	This plant have reported controversial identity of this as Soma35,36
Ferula assa-foetida L. Apiaceae.	137	Supadhupanam and Jantughnam meaning killing worm or vermifuge	anthelmintic activity against Pheretima postuma worm37
Gardenia gummifera L.f., Rubiaceae	139	Jantuka meaning killing worm or vermifuge	Anthelmintic activity38
Gloriosa superba L. Liliaceae	280	Garbhapatini causing miscarriage/ abortion	Aqueous extract of root induces abortion in female rats39
Hibiscus cannabinus L., syn. Abelsmoschus cogner Walp., Malvaceae	249	Ambastha meaning astringent	Extract of whole plant used as an ingredient in cosmetic preparation as a skin conditioner. It may be used due to its astringent property40
Ipomoea tricolor Cav.,syn. I.rubro-caerulea., Convolvulaceae	98	Yawatikta meaning yawning. Extract cures yawning	NR
Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae	295	Mukhabhangah meaning face distorted by sickness	Seed oil is used in skin care products41
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae	211	Salukam meaning tumor in the throat	cytotoxic activity42and  antitumor activity43
Ophiorrhiza mungos L., Rubiaceae	342	Visamardini meaning antidote to poison	Root extract possess potent anti-snake venom neutralizing compound44
Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees., Acanthaceae	290	Lomasa meaning blisters	Cytotoxic property45 Antibacterial activity46
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach and Thonn., syn. P.niruri var.scabrellus (webb)Muell.Arg. Euphorbiaceae	240	Tamakam meaning asthma	antiallergic activity47
Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salicaceae	177	Raktasravi meaning haemorrhage	NR
Saussurea costus (Falc.)Lipsch. Syn. S. lappa (decne.)Sch.Bip	219	Kustham meaning antileprosy	Antimicrobial and toxicological effect48
Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. Oleaceae	483	Ksarasresthah meaning best source of alkali	NR
Searsia parviflora (Roxb) F.A.Barkley., Syn. Rhus parviflora Roxb. Clusiaceae	173	Raktapurakam Rakta meaning Blood Purakam meaning Fulfilling	NR
Semecarpus anacardium L., Anacardiaceae	259	Aruskarah meaning oil casing wounds	This oil is called tarry oil. It is reported that pericarp of the fruit contain urushiol which causes causes dermatitis and blisters49
Senegalia rugota (Lam.)Britton and Rose syn. Acacia concinna Willd.(DC.) Mimosaceae	89	Bahuphena meaning large quantity of foam	Fruits contain high saponins. Still it is used to wash hair as herbal shampoo.
Tecomella undulata (Sm.)Seem. Syn. Bignonia glauca Decne. Bignoniaceae.	485	Rochan meaning stomachic and digestive	Hepatoprotectiv activity50
Trichosanthes cucumeriana var.cucumeriana (L.)Kuntze., Cucurbitacae	19	Panduphal meaning fruits cure iron deficiency anemia	seeds contain zinc(37.5 mg/kg.DM), calcium (1643 mg/kg.DM) ), magnesium (1996 mg/kg.DM) and potassium(8704 mg./kg),iron (187 mg/kg DM)51
Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz., Lythraceae	242	Atisarhara meaning cures diarrhoea and dysentery	Antibacterial property of flowers52 Extract shows antibacterial activity against diarrhea causing bacteria53
Vitex negundo Willd., Verbenaceae	321	Visaghnah meaning antidote to poison	Snake venom neutralization activity was reported by54

 

DISCUSSION:

The senses of philologist reveals the hidden meaning in words which are used as verb, noun, adjectives, names, metaphors etc. Man obviously communicates through language and every language has its own merits and history. The critical examination of the derivation of Sanskrit names of plant is found to be a most interesting and important topic of study. Sanskrit names of plants gives true Indian appellation to a plant. In ancient time before 5000 years these appellation were remain understood to sages, seers and ancient ayurveda practitioners. These names signifies chemical characters, morphology, diseases, similitudes with certain natural objects, color, habit, basic instinct, pharmacological properties etc. about plants. These examples indicate that our seers and sages were intelligent in naming plant species on the basis of scientific observations. The grammar of Sanskrit allows one to divide the word from anywhere (at the beginning, middle or end). The meaning of the word change according to the way you try to divide. In Ayurveda Verse the whole line is joined in Sandhi with multiple words that need to be split properly and each word can have multiple meanings. Knowing context of the text is very important in choosing the appropriate meaning. The author want to emphasis that Sanskrit names are more significant and scientific as compare to any other language of India. The present study reveals that medicinal plants could be divided into two categories.

 

1. Plants in which pharmacological reports are showing corroboration with biological property indicated in the Sanskrit names: This category include thirty one species viz., Abrus precatorious, Artemisia absinthium Aquilaria malaccensis, Asparagus racemosus, Cannabis sativa subsp. indica, Cassia sophera, Cassia absus Commiphora myrrha, Crinum asiaticum, Crocus sativus Cullen corylifolium Cuminum cyminum, Cymbopogon martini, Dillenia indica, Embelia ribes, Ephedra gerardiana, Ferula assa-foetida, Gardenia gummifera, Gloriosa superba, Hibiscus cannabinus, Moringa oleifera, Myristica fragrans, Ophiorrhiza mungos, Peristrophe bicalyculata, Phyllanthus amarus,, Saussurea costus, Semecarpus anacardium, Senegalia rugota, Tecomella undulata, Trichosanthes cucumeriana var. cucumeriana , Woodfordia fruticosa, Vitex negundo.

2. Plants in which pharmacological reports are not reported which will support the validity of uses mentioned in Sanskrit names. This category include six plants viz., Acorus calamus, Ipomoea tricolor, Salix tetrasperma, Schrebera swietenioides, Searsia parviflora. Aquilaria malaccensis,

 

This philological study is useful to students of pharmacognosy and Ayurveda because it is ascertaining the hidden knowledge of Sanskrit names of plants.

 

CONCLUSIONS:

Sanskrit names of medicinal plant is an indication of DoS because these names possess hidden meaning indicating a specific biological property. Further phytochemical and pharmacological work is urgently needed to confirm these uses of plants.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author is thankful to all the staff members of Department of Pharmacognosy, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Kamgar Nagar, 440026 Nagpur, MS, India for constant inspiration and support to carry out this research work.

 

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Received on 08.11.2022       Modified on 15.12.2022

Accepted on 06.01.2023       ©A&V Publications All right reserved